Write the Equation of a Quadratic Function in Standard Form Given the Equation in General Form
Quadratic Functions |
Contents: This page corresponds to § 3.1 (p. 244) of the text.
Suggested Problems from Text:
p. 251 #1-8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 30, 33, 37, 38, 75
Graphs
Standard Form
Applications
Graphs
A quadratic function is one of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are numbers with a not equal to zero.
The graph of a quadratic function is a curve called a parabola. Parabolas may open upward or downward and vary in "width" or "steepness", but they all have the same basic "U" shape. The picture below shows three graphs, and they are all parabolas.
All parabolas are symmetric with respect to a line called the axis of symmetry. A parabola intersects its axis of symmetry at a point called the vertex of the parabola.
You know that two points determine a line. This means that if you are given any two points in the plane, then there is one and only one line that contains both points. A similar statement can be made about points and quadratic functions.
Given three points in the plane that have different first coordinates and do not lie on a line, there is exactly one quadratic function f whose graph contains all three points. The applet below illustrates this fact. The graph contains three points and a parabola that goes through all three. The corresponding function is shown in the text box below the graph. If you drag any of the points, then the function and parabola are updated.
Many quadratic functions can be graphed easily by hand using the techniques of stretching/shrinking and shifting (translation) the parabola y = x2 . (See the section on manipulating graphs.)
Example 1.
Sketch the graph of y = x2/2. Starting with the graph of y = x2, we shrink by a factor of one half. This means that for each point on the graph of y = x2, we draw a new point that is one half of the way from the x-axis to that point.
Example 2.
Sketch the graph of y = (x - 4)^2 - 5. We start with the graph of y = x2 , shift 4 units right, then 5 units down.
Exercise 1 :
(a) Sketch the graph of y = (x + 2)2 - 3. Answer
(b) Sketch the graph of y = -(x - 5)2 + 3. Answer
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Standard Form
The functions in parts (a) and (b) of Exercise 1 are examples of quadratic functions in standard form. When a quadratic function is in standard form, then it is easy to sketch its graph by reflecting, shifting, and stretching/shrinking the parabola y = x2.
The quadratic function f(x) = a(x - h)2 + k, a not equal to zero, is said to be in standard form. If a is positive, the graph opens upward, and if a is negative, then it opens downward. The line of symmetry is the vertical line x = h, and the vertex is the point (h,k).
Any quadratic function can be rewritten in standard form by completing the square. (See the section on solving equations algebraically to review completing the square.) The steps that we use in this section for completing the square will look a little different, because our chief goal here is not solving an equation.
Note that when a quadratic function is in standard form it is also easy to find its zeros by the square root principle.
Example 3.
Write the function f(x) = x2 - 6x + 7 in standard form. Sketch the graph of f and find its zeros and vertex.
f(x) = x2 - 6x + 7.
= (x2 - 6x )+ 7. Group the x2 and x terms and then complete the square on these terms.
= (x2 - 6x + 9 - 9) + 7.
We need to add 9 because it is the square of one half the coefficient of x, (-6/2)2 = 9. When we were solving an equation we simply added 9 to both sides of the equation. In this setting we add and subtract 9 so that we do not change the function.
= (x2 - 6x + 9) - 9 + 7. We see that x2 - 6x + 9 is a perfect square, namely (x - 3)2.
f(x) = (x - 3)2 - 2. This is standard form.
From this result, one easily finds the vertex of the graph of f is (3, -2).
To find the zeros of f, we set f equal to 0 and solve for x.
(x - 3)2 - 2 = 0.
(x - 3)2 = 2.
(x - 3) = ± sqrt(2).
x = 3 ± sqrt(2).
To sketch the graph of f we shift the graph of y = x2 three units to the right and two units down.
If the coefficient of x2 is not 1, then we must factor this coefficient from the x2 and x terms before proceeding.
Example 4.
Write f(x) = -2x2 + 2x + 3 in standard form and find the vertex of the graph of f.
f(x) = -2x2 + 2x + 3.
= (-2x2 + 2x) + 3.
= -2(x2 - x) + 3.
= -2(x2 - x + 1/4 - 1/4) + 3.
We add and subtract 1/4, because (-1/2)2 = 1/4, and -1 is the coefficient of x.
= -2(x2 - x + 1/4) -2(-1/4) + 3.
Note that everything in the parentheses is multiplied by -2, so when we remove -1/4 from the parentheses, we must multiply it by -2.
= -2(x - 1/2)2 + 1/2 + 3.
= -2(x - 1/2)2 + 7/2.
The vertex is the point (1/2, 7/2). Since the graph opens downward (-2 < 0), the vertex is the highest point on the graph.
Exercise 2 :
Write f(x) = 3x2 + 12x + 8 in standard form. Sketch the graph of f ,find its vertex, and find the zeros of f. Answer
Alternate method of finding the vertex
In some cases completing the square is not the easiest way to find the vertex of a parabola. If the graph of a quadratic function has two x-intercepts, then the line of symmetry is the vertical line through the midpoint of the x-intercepts.
The x-intercepts of the graph above are at -5 and 3. The line of symmetry goes through -1, which is the average of -5 and 3. (-5 + 3)/2 = -2/2 = -1. Once we know that the line of symmetry is x = -1, then we know the first coordinate of the vertex is -1. The second coordinate of the vertex can be found by evaluating the function at x = -1.
Example 5.
Find the vertex of the graph of f(x) = (x + 9)(x - 5).
Since the formula for f is factored, it is easy to find the zeros: -9 and 5.
The average of the zeros is (-9 + 5)/2 = -4/2 = -2. So, the line of symmetry is x = -2 and the first coordinate of the vertex is -2.
The second coordinate of the vertex is f(-2) = (-2 + 9)(-2 - 5) = 7*(-7) = -49.
Therefore, the vertex of the graph of f is (-2, -49).
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Applications
Example 6.
A rancher has 600 meters of fence to enclose a rectangular corral with another fence dividing it in the middle as in the diagram below.
As indicated in the diagram, the four horizontal sections of fence will each be x meters long and the three vertical sections will each be y meters long.
The rancher's goal is to use all of the fence and enclose the largest possible area.
The two rectangles each have area xy, so we have
total area: A = 2xy.
There is not much we can do with the quantity A while it is expressed as a product of two variables. However, the fact that we have only 1200 meters of fence available leads to an equation that x and y must satisfy.
3y + 4x = 1200.
3y = 1200 - 4x.
y = 400 - 4x/3.
We now have y expressed as a function of x, and we can substitute this expression for y in the formula for total area A.
A = 2xy = 2x (400 -4x/3).
We need to find the value of x that makes A as large as possible. A is a quadratic function of x, and the graph opens downward, so the highest point on the graph of A is the vertex. Since A is factored, the easiest way to find the vertex is to find the x-intercepts and average.
2x (400 -4x/3) = 0.
2x = 0 or 400 -4x/3 = 0.
x = 0 or 400 = 4x/3.
x = 0 or 1200 = 4x.
x = 0 or 300 = x.
Therefore, the line of symmetry of the graph of A is x = 150, the average of 0 and 300.
Now that we know the value of x corresponding to the largest area, we can find the value of y by going back to the equation relating x and y.
y = 400 - 4x/3 = 400 -4(150)/3 = 200.
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Write the Equation of a Quadratic Function in Standard Form Given the Equation in General Form
Source: http://dl.uncw.edu/digilib/Mathematics/Algebra/mat111hb/PandR/quadratic/quadratic.html
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